Characteristic differences in tropospheric delay between Nevada Geodetic Laboratory products and NWM ray-tracing

Numerical weather models (NWMs) are important data sources for space geodetic techniques. Additionally, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides many observations to continuously improve and enhance the NWM. Existing comparative analysis experiments on NWM tropospheric and GNSS tropospheric delays suffer from being conducted in highly specific regions with limited spatial coverage; furthermore, the length of time for the experiment is too short for analyzing seasonal characteristics, and the insufficient number of stations limits spatial density, making it difficult to obtain the equipment-dependent distribution characteristics. After strict quality control and data preprocessing, we have calculated and compared the bias and standard deviation of tropospheric delay for approximately 7000 selected Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) GNSS stations in 2020 with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) hourly ray-traced tropospheric delay for the same group of stations. Characterizations in time, space, and linkage to receivers and antennas reveal positive biases of approximately 4 mm in the NGL zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) relative to the NWM ZTD over most of the globe; moreover, there is a seasonal amplitude reaching 6 mm in the bias, and an antenna-related mean bias of approximately 1.6 mm in the NGL tropospheric delay. The obtained results can be used to provide a priori tropospheric delays with appropriate uncertainties; additionally, they can be applied to assess the suitability of using NWMs for real-time positioning solutions.