Abundance of proteins and genes associated with nutrient signaling, protein turnover, and transport of amino acids and glucose in fetuses from lactating Holstein cows

Availability of nutrients in maternal circulation and abundance of nutrient transporters, metabolic enzymes, and nutrient-responsive proteins in fetal tissues coordinate growth. To begin characterizing these mechanisms, we evaluated the abundance of nutrient signaling genes and proteins in bovine fetal tissues. Liver, entire intestine, and semitendinosus muscle were harvested from fetuses (4 female, 2 male) collected at slaughter from 6 clinically-healthy multiparous Holstein dairy cows (167 & PLUSMN; 7 days in milk, 37 & PLUSMN; 6 kg milk/d, 100 & PLUSMN; 3 d gesta-tion). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Among proteins measured, abundance of the amino acid (AA) utilization and insulin signaling proteins p-AKT and p-mTOR was greater (P < 0.01) in liver and in-testine. The abundance of p-EEF2 (translation elongation) and SLC2A4 (glucose uptake) was greater (P < 0.05) in liver relative to intestine and muscle suggesting this organ has a greater capacity for anabolic processes. In contrast, among mTOR signaling genes, the abundance of IRS1 was greatest (P < 0.01) in muscle and lowest in the intestine, whereas, abundance of AKT1 and mTOR was greater (P < 0.01) in intestine and muscle than liver. Abundance of the protein degradation-related genes UBA1, UBE2G1, and TRIM63 was greater (P < 0.01) in muscle than intestine and liver. Among nutrient transporters, abundance of glucose transporters SLC5A1 and SLC2A2 was greatest (P < 0.01) in the intestine than liver and muscle. Several AA transporters had greater (P < 0.01) abundance in the intestine or liver compared with muscle. Overall, these molecular analyses highlighted important biological differences on various aspects of metabolism in fetal tissues.