Presence of understory dwarf bamboo determines ecosystem fine root production in a cool-temperate forest in northern Japan

Fine root biomass (FRB) and production (FRP) are crucial in forest carbon and nutrient cycling, but the factors controlling FRB and FRP are not well understood. Here, we examined FRB, FRP, aboveground environmental and stand factors, and soil environmental factors in four stands in a forest covered with dense understory vegetation of dwarf bamboo, Sasa senanensis (hereafter, Sasa). The four stands had different tree species composition and included a primary forest (PF), secondary forest (SF), conifer plantation (CP), and Sasa area (SA). We quantified the FRB and FRP of trees and Sasa separately using the ingrowth core method. Total FRP was higher in stands with substantial presence of Sasa (99-130 g m(-2) yr(-1)) than in CP with scarce Sasa (69 g m(-2) yr(-1)). Despite being occupied by Sasa alone, SA had high FRP, suggesting that the presence of Sasa regardless of trees is a key determinant of ecosystem FRP. Tree FRB increased with increasing tree aboveground biomass, tree density, or basal area at breast height, but Sasa FRB and total FRB decreased. Total FRP was also lower at higher values of these aboveground stand factors. In Sasa, specific root length was significantly higher, and root tissue density was significantly lower, than in trees, indicating the capacity of Sasa for explosive growth. Positive correlations between Sasa FRB or FRP and soil inorganic N or ammonium contents (i.e. N availability) were detected. We conclude that Sasa is important in determining FRB and FRP in this northern forest with understory vegetation.