A closed-loop control on temperature difference of a lithium-ion battery by pulse heating in cold climates

In this work, we established a three-dimensional heat transfer model and investigated the evolution of tem-perature uniformity within the self-heating lithium-ion battery (SHLB). Besides, a closed-loop control (CLC) strategy based on pulse heating was proposed to control the temperature difference/ uniformity of the cell in real-time during its self-heating process. The results showed that the temperature difference of the SHLB cell could be well controlled approaching a prescribed target value by the CLC strategy without extra energy con-sumption at 253.15 K. A proper pulse width (e.g. <0.01 s) was supposed to eliminate the striking overshoot and undershoot of the temperature difference, thus ensuring a robust control performance during the whole self -heating process. Meanwhile, a larger target value was found to induce a stronger fluctuation of the tempera-ture difference, whereas it was expected to boost the heating process of the cell. Specifically, the heating time could be reduced by >50 % when the target value increased from 5 K to 7 K. Moreover, compared to the baseline case, the heating time based on CLC would just increase <35 s even when the temperature difference within the cell was controlled at a lower value (e.g. 4 K).