Liquorice Toxicity: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

被引:19
作者
Ceccuzzi, Giovanna [1 ]
Rapino, Alessandro [1 ]
Perna, Benedetta [1 ]
Costanzini, Anna [1 ]
Farinelli, Andrea [1 ]
Fiorica, Ilaria [1 ]
Marziani, Beatrice [1 ]
Cianci, Antonella [1 ]
Rossin, Federica [1 ]
Cesaro, Alice Eleonora [1 ]
Spampinato, Michele Domenico [1 ,2 ]
De Giorgio, Roberto [1 ]
Guarino, Matteo [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Ferrara, St Anna Univ Hosp Ferrara, Dept Translat Med, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy
[2] Univ Ferrara, St Anna Univ Hosp Ferrara, Dept Emergency, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy
关键词
glycyrrhetinic acid; glycyrrhizin; liquorice; mortality; pseudo-hyperaldosteronism; toxicity; HYPOKALEMIC MYOPATHY; INDUCED HYPERTENSION; ANOREXIA-NERVOSA; INGESTION; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; CONSUMPTION; GLYCYRRHIZIN; PARALYSIS; ACID; ROOT;
D O I
10.3390/nu15183866
中图分类号
R15 [营养卫生、食品卫生]; TS201 [基础科学];
学科分类号
100403 ;
摘要
Background: Renowned since ancient times for its medical properties, liquorice is nowadays mainly used for flavoring candies or soft drinks. Continuous intake of large amounts of liquorice is a widely known cause of pseudo-hyperaldosteronism leading to hypertension and hypokalemia. These manifestations are usually mild, although in some cases may generate life-threatening complications, i.e., arrhythmias, muscle paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and coma. In addition, liquorice has an important estrogenic-like activity. Methods: We summarized the current knowledge about liquorice and reviewed 104 case reports in both the English and Italian languages from inception to June 2023 concerning complications due to an excess of liquorice intake. Results: In contrast to most published data, female sex and old age do not appear to be risk factors. However, hypertension and electrolyte imbalance (mainly hypokalemia) are prevalent features. The detection of glycyrrhetinic acid in blood is very uncommon, and the diagnosis is essentially based on an accurate history taking. Conclusions: Although there is not a significant mortality rate, liquorice toxicity often requires hospitalization and therefore represents a significant health concern. Major pharmaceutical drug regulatory authorities should solicit public awareness about the potentially dangerous effects caused by excessive use of liquorice.
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页数:23
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