Heat transfer modification in an unsteady laminar boundary layer subject to free-stream traveling waves

A laminar, thermal boundary layer was forced computationally by free-stream, traveling-wave velocit y fluctuations and the effects on the wal l heat flu x and skin friction were measured as a function of the phase speed of the disturbances and the streamwise location along the developing flow. The heat flu x modification due to the flow forcing was significantly higher than the corresponding skin friction enhancement, and the dependence of these two transpor t properties on the phase speed was qualitatively different. The skin friction modification exhibited a maximu m at an optimal phase speed , which was explained in terms of the overlap of two distinct viscous layers within the bounda r y layer. The heat flu x modification did not exhibit this maximum, although evidence was found to suggest such a maximum may occur with sufficient bounda r y layer development. Because the magnitude of the wa l l heat-flu x modification scales quadratically with wave amplitude, traveling wave disturbances pose significant challenges for thermal transport measurements in periodically perturbed environments, like turbomachinery, but also new opportunities for the control of heat transfer.