Impact of a heart failure nurse practitioner service on rehospitalizations, emergency presentations, and survival in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure

Aims Heart failure nurse practitioners (HF NPs) are an emerging component of the heart failure (HF) specialist workforce but their impact in an inpatient setting is untested. The aim of this paper is to explore the impact of an inpatient HF NP service on 12-month all-cause rehospitalizations, emergency department (ED) presentations, and mortality in patients hospitalized with HF compared with usual hospital care. Methods and results Retrospective, two-group comparative design involving patients (n = 408) admitted via ED with acute HF to a metropolitan quaternary hospital between January 2013 and August 2017. Doubly robust estimation with augmented inverse probability weighting (DR-AIPW) was used to account for the non-random allocation of patients to usual hospital care or the HF NP service in addition to usual in-hospital care. Among 408 patients (186 usual care and 222 HF NP service) admitted with acute HF, the mean age was 76.5 [standard deviation (SD) 12.0] years and 56.4% (n = 230) were male. After IPW adjustment, patients seen by the HF NP service had a lower risk of 12-month rehospitalization (61.3 vs. 78.3% usual care; difference -16.9%, 95% CI: -26.4%, -6.6%) and ED presentations (12.6 vs. 22.0%; difference -9.4%, 95% CI: -17.3%, -1.4%) with no difference in 6- or 12-month mortality. The HF NP service improved referrals to a home visiting programme that was available to HF patients (64.4 vs. 45.4%; difference 19%, 95% CI: 8.8%, 28.8%). Conclusion Additional support by an inpatient HF NP service has the potential to significantly reduce rehospitalizations and ED presentations over 12 months. Further evidence from a multicentre randomized control trial is warranted.