Exploring the advancements in surface-modified bioactive glass: enhancing antibacterial activity, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating bioactivity

The systematically reviewed existing literature encompassing the design, development, and control of surface properties in bioactive glasses (BGs). The relevance of this investigation lies in its contribution to the literature by elucidating techniques aimed at enhancing the properties of BGs and facilitating the creation of biocomposites tailored for diverse biomedical applications. The optimization of bioactive glasses' performance and the broadening of their applications within biomedical domains emerge as critical focal points. Emphasizing the need for contemporary advancements, the study strives to present pertinent methodologies in surface modification techniques. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of utilizing fundamental parameters to mitigate cytotoxic effects on human cells, particularly in the context of in vivo or in vitro studies, and focusing on the strategies used to enhance their bioactivity, antibacterial efficacy, and ability to promote the growth of new blood vessels. This comprehensive exploration aims to not only consolidate existing knowledge but also pave the way for innovative approaches in the field.