Estrogen signaling via estrogen receptor alpha and its implications for neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease in aging women

Estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) is a transcription factor activated by estrogenic hormones to regulate gene expression in certain organs, including the brain. In the brain, estrogen signaling pathways are central for maintaining cognitive functions. Herein, we review the neuroprotective effects of estrogens mediated by ER alpha. The estrogen/ER alpha pathways are affected by the reduction of estrogens in menopause, and this event may be a risk factor for neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease in women. Thus, developing a better understanding of estrogen/ER alpha signaling may be critical for defining new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease in women.