Classroom emotions in civic education: A multilevel approach to antecedents and effects

Background: Classroom emotions are major predictors of student learning and academic outcomes. Emotions might be of particular significance in civic education, where oftentimes highly controversial and heated debates take place.Aims: We aimed to examine antecedents and effects of emotions in civic education through the lens of the control-value theory. Specifically, we investigated the classroom climate during discussions of political and social issues as an antecedent of students' enjoyment, shame, anxiety, and boredom, in addition to a possible mediation effect of these emotions on political knowledge and participation as core outcomes in this domain. Sample: Participants were 1162 students from vocational schools (grades 10-13).Methods: Multilevel structural equation modeling was used for the analysis.Results: We found a positive relation between an open classroom climate and enjoyment and negative relations with anxiety and boredom. No support was provided for the relation to shame. Enjoyment related positively, and all negative emotions (shame, anxiety, boredom) negatively to achievement on the knowledge test. All activating emotions (enjoyment, shame, anxiety) related positively to intended political participation. Furthermore, enjoyment mediated the association between classroom climate and intended political participation at the stu-dent level.Conclusions: This study strongly supports the theoretical assumptions of the control-value theory. Pedagogically, the results imply that fostering a classroom context that is open to diverse opinions can prevent the experience of negative emotions and increase students' experience of enjoyment.