Electrochemical nanobiosensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers in real samples: Trends and challenges

Early cancer diagnosis considerably reduces mortality rates, leading to improved patient outcomes and ultimately saving lives. As such, the urgency of developing efficient methods for non-invasive, fast, and cost-effective cancer detection is of crucial importance. Nanobiosensors hold great potential in analytical chemistry and have empowered the field of monitoring cancer biomarkers in recent decades. Offering reliability and affordability, nanobiosensors fulfill critical requirements for clinical applications, providing accurate and rapid analysis with high diagnostic performance for detecting cancer biomarkers. This review focuses on the recent advancements in strategies for developing cancer biomarker-based nanobiosensors. It critically evaluates the field's recent achievements and addresses the current issues and challenges. Furthermore, the review into the practicalities and complexities of developing electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarkers, encompassing different biorecognition elements. The recent applications of electrochemical monitoring of cancer biomarkers in real samples with a specific emphasis on point-of-care devices are discussed, alongside insights into future trends.