Taguchi Robust Design-Based Component Matching and Energy Management of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Buses for City Multiple Bus Routes

This paper proposes a novel co-design method for plug-in hybrid electric buses (PHEBs) that considers both component matching and energy management for city multiple bus routes. Two novel contributions that distinguish it from other works in the field. First, an energy management method using an adaptive Pontryagin's Minimum Principle (A-PMP) and a dynamic reference state of charge (SOC) plan is proposed, which is based on a Proportion-Integration (PI) controller. The proposed method can be applied in component matching design, enabling direct energy management control in real-world. Second, a Taguchi robust design (TRD) method is suggested for designing components that can match the requirements of PHEB for multiple bus routes in the city. The TRD method takes into account the noise of driving cycles and stochastic vehicle mass to find the most robust component matching that can counter these noises while minimizing fuel consumption. The results indicate that the TRD is a viable option for co-designing PHEB for city multiple bus routes. The hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests show that the proposed adaptive energy management can be integrated into the vehicle controller, resulting in improved fuel economy compared to the rule-based control strategy.