NIR squaraine dyes for dual colorimetric and fluorescent determination of Fe3+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ ions

Four benzoindolenine-based squaraine dyes (SQs), which have the advantages of intense visible and near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission (lambda(abs/max) 663-695 nm, lambda(em/max) 686-730 nm) were synthesized and characterized by UV-vis absorption, fluorescent emission spectrophotometry, FTIR, NMR and HRMS analysis. Among them, BBSQ showed excellent performance, which exhibited high selectivity to Fe3+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ in acetonitrile solution even in the presence of other competitive metal ions, accompanied by obvious color change easily detected by the naked eye. The detection limit was 14.17 mu M for Fe3+ and 6.06 mu M for Cu2+. Most importantly, the response mechanism of BBSQ to Fe3+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ involves the coordination of BBSQ and metal ions through the O atom on the central squarate ring, N atom, and olefin pi bond of BBSQ and has been demonstrated by Job's plot, FTIR, and H-1 NMR titration analyses. Furthermore, BBSQ was applied successfully to detect Fe3+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ in thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates with good precision and is quite promising for the quantitative detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions in water samples.