A bi-level optimization method for voltage control in distribution networks using batteries and smart inverters with high wind and photovoltaic penetrations

In electrical distribution systems, the voltage quality problem considers the most restrictive issue that hinders high photovoltaic (PV) and wind integration. Therefore, this study aims at providing a reliable control method for the voltage problem in distribution networks embedded with high PV and wind sources. The proposed voltage management strategy consists of two controlling stages. The first stage uses battery energy storage systems (BESS), while the second stage employs the smart PV inverters' reactive power injection capability. For BESS operation, a bi-level optimization method based on metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MOA) is developed to regulate the voltage levels by governing the batteries charging/discharging rates. The bi-level optimization problem aims to maximize PV and wind energy exploitation while improving the voltage profile. In this study, a detailed comparison is conducted between three MOA: Social Spider Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Cuckoo Search Optimization. In addition, considering the uncertainty associated with PV system generation, a PV generation forecast is embedded in the voltage control strategy to reinforce the decision-making process of BESS operation. The efficacy of the proposed method is deployed on a modified IEEE-34 bus test feeder with realworld load and PV and wind power generation data. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method and indicate that proper coordination between the BESS and smart PV inverters is beneficial for distribution system operations that seamlessly integrate PV and wind energy. Overall, the proposed voltage management strategy can be used to control the voltage to any desired range at different locations.