Treatment of lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes

For low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes, the goal of treatment is to correct cytopenias or their consequences. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have an important role in the management of anemia. In this chapter, we will detail the response to ESAs, the factors predictive of response to ESAs. However, the search for new therapeutic options for low-risk, ESA-resistant MDS remains necessary as the incidence of AML transformation of the patients is higher. We can retain luspatercept for MDS with excess ring of sideroblasts, lenalidomide, and some molecules currently being tested such as imetelstat or roxedustat. However, the search for new therapeutic options for ESA-resistant low-risk MDS remains necessary. We can use androgenotherapy or TPO agonists in limited access for symptomatic thrombocytopenia.