Cardinal models to describe the effect of temperature and pH on the growth of Anoxybacillus flavithermus & Bacillus licheniformis

Anoxybacillus flavithermus and Bacillus licheniformis are among the predominant spore-formers of heat-processed foods. To our knowledge, no systematic analysis of growth kinetic data of A. flavithermus or B. licheniformis is currently available. In the present study, the growth kinetics of A. flavithermus and B. licheniformis in broth at various temperature and pH conditions were studied. Cardinal models were used to model the effect of the above-mentioned factors on the growth rates. The estimated values for the cardinal parameters Tmin, Topt, Tmax, pHmin and pH1/2 for A. flavithermus were 28.70 +/- 0.26, 61.23 +/- 0.16 and 71.52 +/- 0.32 degrees C, 5.52 +/- 0.01 and 5.73 +/- 0.01, respectively, while for B. licheniformis they were 11.68 +/- 0.03, 48.05 +/- 0.15, 57.14 +/- 0.01 degrees C, 4.71 +/- 0.01 and 5.670 +/- 0.08, respectively. The growth behaviour of these spoilers was also investigated in a pea beverage at 62 and 49 degrees C, respectively, to adjust the models to this product. The adjusted models were further validated at static and dynamic conditions and demonstrated good performance with 85.7 and 97.4% of predicted populations for A. flavithermus and B. licheniformis, respectively, being within the - 10%-10% relative error (RE) zone. The developed models can be useful tools in assessing the potential of spoilage of heat-processed foods including plant-based milk alternatives.