The BiOS mechanism: History, theory, implications

Over the past four decades, the understanding of Mediterranean oceanography has evolved considerably. From a purely stationary view, there has been a shift to a concept that considers the Mediterranean as a highly dynamic sea in which ocean-typical processes occur on smaller spatial and temporal scales. The recent discovery of the mechanism called BiOS (Adriatic-Ionian Bimodal Oscillating System) has further highlighted the highly variable nature of Mediterranean oceanography and the interconnectedness of its sub-basins.The BiOS is a mechanism by which the deep thermohaline cell of the eastern Mediterranean, originating in the southern Adriatic, is connected to the upper circulation of the Northern Ionian Gyre via positive feedback, causing a decadal circulation change that leads to a redistribution of salt throughout the Mediterranean.The effects of this variability are manifold: decadal modulations of the intensity of winter convection in the southern Adriatic, with variations in the volume and thermohaline properties of the dense water produced; variations in preconditioning in the eastern Mediterranean, affecting the salinity of the intermediate Levantine waters; influence on biodiversity in the Adriatic due to the import of Lessepsian organisms or those of western Mediterranean and Atlantic origin; variations of the trophic regime in the Ionian Sea due to the different vertical dynamics of the nutricline during the cyclonic or anticyclonic circulation of the Northern Ionian Gyre; significant contribution to the preconditioning of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea by the salinity variability of the Levantine Intermediate Water.In this study, the BiOS mechanism, the underlying theory, and the implications for the oceanographic features of the Mediterranean Sea are presented, based on the extensive literature published in the last three decades and some new analyses.