3D simulation of percutaneous sustentaculum tali screw insertion in calcaneal fractures

Background In calcaneal fractures, the percutaneous screw fixation (PSF) is currently considered to be the better choice, but it is difficult to accurately place the screw into the sustentaculum tali (ST) during the operation. In this study, the ideal entry point, angle, diameter and length of the screw were calculated by simulating the operation process. Methods We retrospectively collected the calcaneus computed tomography (CT) scans of 180 adults, DICOM-formatted CT-scan images of each patient were imported into Mimics software to establish calcaneus model. Virtual screws were placed on the lateral of the posterior talar articular surface (PTAS), the lateral edge of the anterior process of calcaneus (APC), and the calcaneal tuberosity, respectively, the trajectory and size of the screws were calculated. Results The mean maximum diameter of the PTAS screw was 42.20 +/- 3.71 mm. The vertical distance between the midpoint of the APC optimal screw trajectory and the lowest point of the tarsal sinus was 10.67 +/- 1.84 mm, and the distance between the midpoint of the APC optimal screw trajectory and the calcaneocuboid joint was 5 mm similar to 19.81 +/- 2.08 mm. The mean maximum lengths of APC screws was 44.69 +/- 4.81 mm, and the Angle between the screw and the coronal plane of the calcaneus from proximal to distal was 4.72 degrees +/- 2.15 degrees to 20.52 degrees +/- 3.77 degrees. The optimal point of the maximum diameter of the calcaneal tuberosity screw was located at the lateral border of the achilles tendon endpoint. The mean maximum diameters of calcaneal tuberosity screws was 4.46 +/- 0.85 mm, the mean maximum lengths of screws was 65.31 +/- 4.76 mm. We found gender- dependent differences for the mean maximum diameter and the maximum length of the three screws. Conclusions The study provides effective positioning for percutaneous screw fixation of calcaneal fractures. For safer and more efficient screw placement, we suggest individualised preoperative 3D reconstruction simulations. Further biomechanical studies are needed to verify the function of the screw.