Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Personalized Digital Healthcare Tool for Brain Monitoring

The sustained growth of digital healthcare in the field of neurology relies on portable and cost-effective brain monitoring tools that can accurately monitor brain function in real time. Func-tional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is one such tool that has become popular among researchers and clinicians as a practical alternative to functional magnetic resonance imag-ing, and as a complementary tool to modalities such as electroencephalography. This review covers the contribution of fNIRS to the personalized goals of digital healthcare in neurology by identifying two major trends that drive current fNIRS research. The first major trend is multimodal monitoring using fNIRS, which allows clinicians to access more data that will help them to understand the interconnection between the cerebral hemodynamics and other physiological phenomena in patients. This allows clinicians to make an overall assessment of physical health to obtain a more-detailed and individualized diagnosis. The second major trend is that fNIRS research is being conducted with naturalistic experimental paradigms that involve multisensory stimulation in familiar settings. Cerebral monitoring of multisensory stimulation during dynamic activities or within virtual reality helps to understand the com-plex brain activities that occur in everyday life. Finally, the scope of future fNIRS studies is dis-cussed to facilitate more-accurate assessments of brain activation and the wider clinical ac-ceptance of fNIRS as a medical device for digital healthcare.