Effect of a Very Low-Calorie Diet on Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory and Metabolomic Profile in Metabolically Healthy and Unhealthy Obese Subjects

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of weight loss through calorie restriction on metabolic profile, and inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in metabolically healthy (MHO) and unhealthy (MUHO) obese individuals. A total of 74 subjects (34 MHO and 40 MUHO) received two cycles of a very low-calorie diet, alternating with a hypocaloric diet for 24 weeks. Biochemical, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, as well as serum metabolomic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance, were performed at baseline and at the end of the intervention. After the diet, there was an improvement in insulin resistance, as well as a significant decrease in inflammatory parameters, enhancing oxidative damage, mitochondrial membrane potential, glutathione, and antioxidant capacity. This improvement was more significant in the MUHO group. The metabolomic analysis showed a healthier profile in lipoprotein profile. Lipid carbonyls also decrease at the same time as unsaturated fatty acids increase. We also display a small decrease in succinate, glycA, alanine, and BCAAs (valine and isoleucine), and a slight increase in taurine. These findings show that moderate weight reduction leads to an improvement in lipid profile and subfractions and a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers; these changes are more pronounced in the MUHO population.