CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and heavy metal analyses in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: An explorative case-control study

Introduction: The prostatic disorder is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (CaP). Evidently, prevalent transcription factors and signaling pathways define their relationship. The etiology of the prostatic disorder is multifactorial including heavy metal toxicity like lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and genetic factors. This study elucidates the association between heavy metal toxicity Pb, Cd, and CYP1A1 gene polymorphism with BPH and CaP. Methods: a case-control study with (BPH, n = 104), (CaP, n = 58) and (controls, n =107) patients. Heavy metal Pb and Cd estimation by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The polymorphism of the CYP1A1 T>C (rs4646903) gene was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Result: Higher levels of Pb and Cd were found in BPH and CaP followed by the control group (P-value: < 0.05). Pb and Cd show a significant correlation among prostate volume in CaP. Additionally, PSA, IPSS score, and pre void volume were positively co-related with Pb in BPH patients. The posthoc test defines the level of Pb and Cd as significantly elevated in the mutant genotype, highest among homozygous mutant genotype of CYP1A1 gene among BPH. In CaP, Pb is significantly higher among the homozygous mutant type of CYP1A1 gene. The risk is also influenced by smoking, tobacco, and alcohol. Conclusion: The heavy metal toxicity Pb and Cd were reported to raise the risk of BPH and CaP. However, a person with heavy metal toxicity especially in BPH has a high-risk genetic susceptibility to the CYP1A1 gene in the north Indian population (C) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.