The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Bayesian Limits on Gravitational Waves from Individual Supermassive Black Hole Binaries

被引：96

作者：

Agazie, Gabriella ^{[1
]}

Anumarlapudi, Akash ^{[1
]}

Archibald, Anne M. ^{[2
]}

Arzoumanian, Zaven ^{[3
]}

Baker, Paul T. ^{[4
]}

Becsy, Bence ^{[5
]}

Blecha, Laura ^{[6
]}

Brazier, Adam ^{[7
,8
,9
]}

Brook, Paul R. ^{[10
,11
]}

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ^{[12
,13
]}

Case, Robin ^{[5
]}

Casey-Clyde, J. Andrew ^{[14
]}

Charisi, Maria ^{[15
]}

Chatterjee, Shami ^{[7
,8
]}

Cohen, Tyler ^{[16
]}

Cordes, James M. ^{[7
,8
]}

Cornish, Neil J. ^{[17
]}

Crawford, Fronefield ^{[18
]}

Cromartie, H. Thankful ^{[7
,8
]}

Crowter, Kathryn ^{[19
]}

DeCesar, Megan E. ^{[20
]}

Demorest, Paul B. ^{[21
]}

Digman, Matthew C. ^{[17
]}

Dolch, Timothy

Drachler, Brendan ^{[22
,23
]}

Ferrara, Elizabeth C. ^{[24
,25
,26
]}

Fiore, William ^{[12
,13
]}

Fonseca, Emmanuel ^{[12
,13
]}

Freedman, Gabriel E. ^{[1
]}

Garver-Daniels, Nate ^{[12
,13
]}

Gentile, Peter A. ^{[12
,13
]}

Glaser, Joseph ^{[12
,13
]}

Good, Deborah C. ^{[14
,27
]}

Gueltekin, Kayhan ^{[28
]}

Hazboun, Jeffrey S. ^{[5
]}

Hourihane, Sophie ^{[29
]}

Jennings, Ross J. ^{[12
,13
]}

Johnson, Aaron D. ^{[1
,29
]}

Jones, Megan L. ^{[1
]}

Kaiser, Andrew R. ^{[12
]}

Kaplan, David L. ^{[1
]}

Kelley, Luke Zoltan ^{[30
]}

Kerr, Matthew ^{[31
]}

Key, Joey S. ^{[32
]}

Laal, Nima ^{[5
]}

Lam, Michael T. ^{[22
,23
]}

Lamb, William G. ^{[15
]}

Lazio, T. Joseph W. ^{[33
]}

Lewandowska, Natalia ^{[34
]}

Liu, Tingting ^{[12
,13
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Ctr Gravitat Cosmol & Astrophys, Dept Phys, POB 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA

[2] Newcastle Univ, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England

[3] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Xray Astrophys Lab, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[4] Widener Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 1 Univ Pl, Chester, PA 19013 USA

[5] Oregon State Univ, Dept Phys, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA

[6] Univ Florida, Phys Dept, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[7] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[8] Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[9] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Adv Comp, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

[10] Univ Birmingham, Inst Gravitat Wave Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, England

[11] Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, England

[12] West Virginia Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA

[13] West Virginia Univ, Ctr Gravitat Waves & Cosmol, Chestnut Ridge Res Bldg, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA

[14] Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, 196 Auditorium Rd,U-304, Storrs, CT USA

[15] Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 2301 Vanderbilt Pl, Nashville, TN 37235 USA

[16] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Phys, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, NM 87801 USA

[17] Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA

[18] Franklin Marshall Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA

[19] Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, 6224 Agr Rd, Vancouver, BC V6T IZ1, Canada

[20] George Mason Univ, Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[21] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 1003 Lopezville Rd, Socorro, NM 87801 USA

[22] Rochester Inst Technol, Sch Phys & Astron, Rochester, NY 14623 USA

[23] Rochester Inst Technol, Lab Multiwavelength Astrophys, Rochester, NY 14623 USA

[24] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[25] NASA GSFC, Ctr Res & Explorat Space Sci & Technol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[26] NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[27] Flatiron Inst, Ctr Computat Astrophys, 162 5th Ave, New York, NY 10010 USA

[28] Univ Michigan, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[29] CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[30] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 501 Campbell Hall 3411, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[31] Naval Res Lab, Div Space Sci, Washington, DC 20375 USA

[32] Univ Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011 USA

[33] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

[34] SUNY Coll Oswego, Dept Phys, Oswego, NY 13126 USA

[35] Univ Toronto, Dept Astron Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada

[36] Green Bank Observ, POB 2, Green Bank, WV 24944 USA

[37] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[38] UnivPacific, Dept Phys, 3601 Pacific Ave, Stockton, CA 95211 USA

[39] Univ Hull, EA Milne Ctr Astrophys, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, England

[40] Univ Hull, Ctr Excellence Data Sci Artificial Intelligence &, Cottingham Rd, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, England

[41] Curtin Univ, Int Ctr Radio Astron Res, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

[42] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA

[43] Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany

[44] Univ Toronto, Dunlap Inst Astron & Astrophys, 50 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada

[45] Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA

[46] Tufts Univ, Inst Cosmol, Dept Phys & Astron, Medford, MA 02155 USA

[47] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, Pazmany Ps 1-A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

[48] Arecibo Observ, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612 USA

[49] Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Phys, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA

[50] Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS | 2023年 / 951卷 / 02期

基金：

美国国家航空航天局; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会; 英国科学技术设施理事会;

关键词：

PULSAR TIMING ARRAY; VARIABLE QUASARS; PROPER MOTION; DATA RELEASE; ASTROMETRY; PARALLAX; SEARCH; CONSTRAINTS; DISTANCES; CATALOG;

D O I：

10.3847/2041-8213/ace18a

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Evidence for a low-frequency stochastic gravitational-wave background has recently been reported based on analyses of pulsar timing array data. The most likely source of such a background is a population of supermassive black hole binaries, the loudest of which may be individually detected in these data sets. Here we present the search for individual supermassive black hole binaries in the NANOGrav 15 yr data set. We introduce several new techniques, which enhance the efficiency and modeling accuracy of the analysis. The search uncovered weak evidence for two candidate signals, one with a gravitational-wave frequency of & SIM;4 nHz, and another at & SIM;170 nHz. The significance of the low-frequency candidate was greatly diminished when Hellings-Downs correlations were included in the background model. The high-frequency candidate was discounted due to the lack of a plausible host galaxy, the unlikely astrophysical prior odds of finding such a source, and since most of its support comes from a single pulsar with a commensurate binary period. Finding no compelling evidence for signals from individual binary systems, we place upper limits on the strain amplitude of gravitational waves emitted by such systems. At our most sensitive frequency of 6 nHz, we place a sky-averaged 95% upper limit of 8 x 10(-15) on the strain amplitude. We also calculate an exclusion volume and a corresponding effective radius, within which we can rule out the presence of black hole binaries emitting at a given frequency.

引用

页数：18

共 103 条

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共 103 条

[1] THE SECOND FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE CATALOG OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS [J].

Abdo, A. A. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Allafort, A. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Baring, M. G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Belfiore, A. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Bhattacharyya, B. ;

Bissaldi, E. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Bottacini, E. ;

Brandt, T. J. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Burgay, M. ;

Burnett, T. H. ;

Busetto, G. ;

Buson, S. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Camilo, F. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Celik, Oe . ;

Charles, E. ;

Chaty, S. ;

Chaves, R. C. G. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Chen, A. W. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Chiaro, G. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cognard, I. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;

Cominsky, L. R. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Cutini, S. ;

D'Ammando, F. ;

De Angelis, A. ;

DeCesar, M. E. ;

De Luca, A. ;

Den Hartog, P. R. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 2013, 208 (02)

[2] The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics [J].

Afzal, Adeela ;

Agazie, Gabriella ;

Anumarlapudi, Akash M. ;

Archibald, Anne ;

Arzoumanian, Zaven T. ;

Baker, Paul ;

Becsy, Bence ;

Blanco-Pillado, Jose Juan ;

Blecha, Laura K. ;

Boddy, Kimberly ;

Brazier, Adam R. ;

Brook, Paul ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Burnette, Rand ;

Case, Robin ;

Charisi, Maria ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Chatziioannou, Katerina D. ;

Cheeseboro, Belinda ;

Chen, Siyuan ;

Cohen, Tyler M. ;

Cordes, James J. ;

Cornish, Neil ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

Crowter, Kathryn J. ;

Cutler, Curt E. ;

DeCesar, Megan ;

DeGan, Dallas B. ;

Demorest, Paul ;

Deng, Heling ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

Drachler, Brendan ;

von Eckardstein, Richard C. ;

Ferrara, Elizabeth ;

Fiore, William ;

Fonseca, Emmanuel E. ;

Freedman, Gabriel ;

Garver-Daniels, Nate A. ;

Gentile, Peter A. ;

Gersbach, Kyle ;

Glaser, Joseph C. ;

Good, Deborah ;

Guertin, Lydia ;

Gueltekin, Kayhan S. ;

Hazboun, Jeffrey ;

Hourihane, Sophie ;

Islo, Kristina J. ;

Jennings, Ross D. ;

Johnson, Aaron L. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2023, 951 (01)

[3] The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Detector Characterization and Noise Budget [J].

Agazie, Gabriella ;

Anumarlapudi, Akash ;

Archibald, Anne M. ;

Arzoumanian, Zaven ;

Baker, Paul T. ;

Becsy, Bence ;

Blecha, Laura ;

Brazier, Adam ;

Brook, Paul R. ;

Burke-Spolaor, Sarah ;

Charisi, Maria ;

Chatterjee, Shami ;

Cohen, Tyler ;

Cordes, James M. ;

Cornish, Neil J. ;

Crawford, Fronefield ;

Cromartie, H. Thankful ;

Crowter, Kathryn ;

DeCesar, Megan E. ;

Demorest, Paul B. ;

Dolch, Timothy ;

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