Reproductive toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics in Drosophila melanogaster under multi-generational exposure

Micro-nanoplastics have become a new type of pollutant worldwide and have attracted widespread attention for their potential toxicity. However, the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) under continuous exposure of multi-generations is still unclear. In the present study, Drosophila melanogaster was selected as an in vivo bio-logical model to investigate the reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanism induced by PS-NPs (100 nm; 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg L-1) after continuous exposure of five generations. The results showed that PS-NPs accu-mulated in the crop, gut and ovaries after 5 d of exposure. It was also observed that the number of egg production and eclosion rate decreased significantly (P < 0.05) accompanied by delayed development during continuous exposure PS-NPs of multi-generations. Further analysis revealed that the degree of apoptosis and necrosis of oocytes in the F5 generation increased with the increasing exposure dose. To elucidate the underlying toxicity mechanism mediated by PS-NPs, transcriptomic analysis was performed on the ovaries of the F5 generation. The results showed that there were 102 and 208 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the 1 mg L-1 and 100 mg L-1 PS-NPs treatment groups, respectively, compared with the control group. The transcriptome analysis further detected the KEGG pathway with significant enrichment of DEGs, revealing obvious reproductive toxicity at the molecular level. In conclusion, this research not only highlighted the negative physiological effects of multi-generational exposure to PS-NPs on Drosophila melanogaster, but also explored potential mechanisms by tran-scriptomic analysis to better understand reproductive toxicity induced by multi-generational exposure.