Linkages between soil erosion and long-term changes of landscape pattern in a small watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Understanding the response of soil erosion to the changes of land use and landscape pattern is valuable for the optimization of soil and water conservation measures in a watershed. This study selected a typical hilly-gully watershed of the Chinese Loess Plateau, the Zhifanggou watershed, to assess its long-term land use changes from 1938 to 2020 and their impacts on sediment yield by using the spatially distributed soil erosion model WaTEM/SEDEM with an average annual rainfall erosivity of 2000-2010. The results indicated that the main land use types in the Zhifanggou watershed were cropland, forest and grassland, and experienced two changing pe-riods: rapid agricultural reclamation during 1938-1958 and vegetation restoration during 1958-2020. The average annual sediment yields varied consistently with land use changes, showing evident changes from 51.84 t ha-1 y-1 in 1938 to 254.1 t ha-1 y-1 in 1958 and then to 4.27 t ha-1 y-1 in 2020. Correlation analysis suggested that sediment yield was closely related to the landscape indices of interspersion and juxtaposition index and Perimeter-area fractal dimension. The results indicated that increased vegetation cover and high spatial het-erogeneity of landscapes could alter sediment transport pathways, reduce sediment connectivity, and induce less sediment discharged into the river. Our findings could provide a good reference for optimizing soil and water conservation measures in the watershed.