Three-Dimensional Character of Spin Structures in Nanomagnetic Materials

Spin structures are the unique magnetization configurations in the magnetic medium. Due to their intriguing physical properties, spin structures have attracted interest for development of the next-generation information storage/processing devices. The spin structures have been investigated in thin magnetic films where the magnetization distribution is uniform in the thickness direction. Recently, it has been revealed that, in bulk magnetic medium, the magnetization distribution is no longer uniform in the thickness direction, and it leads to novel physical properties distinguished from the physical properties of the spin structures in thin magnetic films. In this work, we review typical physical properties of spin structures such as high stability and rich dynamic properties. In addition, we briefly introduce the physical properties of spin structures, such as skyrmions and magnetic vortices, in bulk magnetic mediums, and novel 3D spin structures only stabilized in bulk magnetic mediums.