How do 2D/3D urban landscapes impact diurnal land surface temperature: Insights from block scale and machine learning algorithms

Urban landscapes significantly affect land surface temperature (LST) and are considered crucial factors affecting urban heat island (UHI). The impacts of urban landscapes on LST have been extensively explored, mainly focusing on grid scale and the daytime. However, how 2D/3D urban landscapes affect diurnal LST at the block scale is unclear. Therefore, taking 1, 536 blocks (including low-rise blocks (LRB), middle-rise blocks (MRB), and high-rise blocks (HRB)) in Beijing as samples, the performances of boosted regression tree (BRT) and random forest (RF) were first evaluated, and the impacts of 2D/3D urban landscapes on diurnal LST across different block types were explored. The results showed that the mean LST was the highest in MRB (daytime) and HRB (nighttime). BRT performed better than RF in investigating diurnal impacts at the block scale. Vegetation and buildings are the domain factors influencing daytime and nighttime LST in LRB and MRB, while buildings are the domain factor in HRB except at 03:09 (impervious surface). The relationships between the key 2D/3D urban landscape metrics and block diurnal LST are nonlinear. The findings can serve as f basis for UHI mitigation and urban renewal strategies by urban planners to develop thermal comfort.