Constrained nonlinear amplitude-variation-with-offset inversion for reservoir dynamic changes estimation from time-lapse seismic data

We develop a novel elastic amplitude -variation -with -offset (AVO) inversion process to estimate the fluid saturation and effective pressure or variations in these properties from time-lapse seismic data sets. These changes occur in oil and gas reservoirs caused by fluid injection or hydrocarbon production that leads to changes in the elastic wave properties, reflectivity, and seismic response. Our method is based on a seismic forward model that consists of a linearized AVO equation and a rock -physics model. The AVO equation links the elastic wave properties to seismic reflection amplitudes, whereas the rock -physics model maps the saturation and pressure into seismic velocities and density. The inversion approach relies on the gradient descent technique to estimate the unknown variables by searching for the minimum of the least -squares misfit between the observed and modeled data. The first -order gradient equations of the least -squares data misfit function with respect to effective pressure and water saturation are derived by using the adjointstate method and the chain rule. The optimization method used to minimize the misfit function and obtain the best optimal solution is a limited -memory quasi -Newton algorithm. This inversion process allows us to incorporate prior constraints by using the logistic function to map the model variables to a bounded range. To achieve a stable solution to ill -posed inversion problems, optimal regularization weights are applied. The application of the developed workflow on 1D synthetic and real well -log data from the Edvard Grieg oil field simulating various saturation -pressure conditions during production demonstrates the validity of the approach with different noise levels. The inversion is then applied to a 2D synthetic data set modeled from the reservoir model of the Smeaheia field, a potential site for a large-scale offshore CO2 storage field located in the North Sea. Our results illustrate that our inversion method efficiently and accurately estimates reservoir saturation and pressure variations.