Subject-Specific Activation of Central Respiratory Centers during Breath-Holding Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background: Voluntary breath-holding (BH) triggers responses from central neural control and respiratory centers in order to restore breathing. Such responses can be observed using functional MRI (fMRI). Objectives: We used this paradigm in healthy volunteers with the view to develop a biomarker that could be used to investigate disorders of the central control of breathing at the individual patient level. Method: In 21 healthy human subjects (mean age +/- SD, 32.8 +/- 9.9 years old), fMRI was used to determine, at both the individual and group levels, the physiological neural response to expiratory and inspiratory voluntary apneas, within respiratory control centers in the brain and brainstem. Results: Group analysis showed that expiratory BH, but not inspiratory BH, triggered activation of the pontine respiratory group and raphe nuclei at the group level, with a significant relationship between the levels of activation and drop in SpO(2). Using predefined ROIs, expiratory BH, and to a lesser extent, inspiratory BH were associated with activation of most respiratory centers. The right ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, right pre-Botzinger complex, right VRG, right nucleus ambiguus, and left Kolliker-Fuse-parabrachial complex were only activated during inspiratory BH. Individual analysis identified activations of cortical/subcortical and brainstem structures related to respiratory control in 19 out of 21 subjects. Conclusion: Our study shows that BH paradigm allows to reliably trigger fMRI response from brainstem and cortical areas involved in respiratory control at the individual level, suggesting that it might serve as a clinically relevant biomarker to investigate conditions associated with an altered central control of respiration.