Review of Multi-junction Solar Cell & Factors Impacting the Efficiency of Multi-junction Solar Cell

Multi-junction solar cells have the highest efficiency among all the other traditional single-junction cells. The efficiency of single-junction photovoltaic cells can hardly meet all the needs due to their small absorption range of the incident light spectrum. Furthermore, photons of short wavelengths are more penetrating than long-wavelength photons; thus, gathering a wide range of long-wavelength lights to reach the bottom of SJSC becomes challenging. As a result, III - V compound semiconductors are introduced to invent multi-junction solar cells to achieve an efficiency of over 35% and a maximum of 47.1%. This depends on their outstanding performance of different materials constructing multi-layers and their wide-ranging light absorption for specific parts of the spectrum. In this work, initiating with essential concepts of MJSC, we present efforts to variables influencing the efficiency of MJSC, interrelated challenges to achieve expected performance of actual materials, typical implementation, environmental impacts, and future prospects. Based on the fundamental principle of MJSC, we discover that the efficiency of the solar cell can depend on the coefficient of absorption, features of thin films, the thickness of the active materials, temperature, and altitude.