Deciphering the Mechanism of Action of the Antimicrobial Peptide BP100

The linear undecapeptide KKLFKKILKYL-NH2 (BP100) highlights for its antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and its low toxicity. These excellent biological properties prompted the investigation of its mechanism of action, which were undertaken using spectroscopic techniques, biophysical analysis, microscopy, and molecular dynamic simulations. Studies were conducted in different membrane environments, such as anionic, zwitterionic, and mixed membranes, as well as in vesicles (LUVs and GUVs) and bacteria. The findings suggest that BP100 exhibits a preference for anionic membranes, and its mechanism of action involves charge neutralization and membrane permeabilization. In these membranes, BP100 transitions from an unstructured state in water to an alpha-helix with the axis parallel to the surface. MD simulations suggest that after electrostatic interaction with the membrane, BP100 flips, facilitating the insertion of its hydrophobic face into the membrane bilayer. Thus, BP100 adopts an almost vertical transmembrane orientation with lysine side chains snorkelling on both sides of the membrane. As a result of the rotation, BP100 induces membrane thinning and slow lipid diffusion and promotes water penetration, particularly in anionic lipid membranes. These investigations pointed towards a carpet-like mechanism and are aligned with the biological activity profile described for BP100. This review covers all the studies carried out on the mechanism of action of BP100 published between 2009 and 2023.