Frailty and Its Implications in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction Impact on Prognosis and Treatment

Patients with HFrEF and comorbid frailty are a vulnerable group that are at increased risk of adverse clinical events. Some of these risks may be mitigated by the optimal implementation of beneficial therapies; however, clinical inertia hinders the implementation of medical therapies and other evidence-based management strategies, largely due to perceptions of therapeutic futility and/or risk of medication-related adverse events or intolerance. A multi-disciplinary approach with close follow-up for the repeat assessment of clinical status is required for frail HFrEF patients to address medical management, functional limitations, nutritional deficiencies, and cognitive impairment to achieve a better quality of life and event free survival.