An exploration of masculinity, social support and depression in new and experienced fathers

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between masculinity, perceived social support and depression symptomology in the postpartum period in new and experienced fathers.Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire study.Participants: A total of 118 first-and second-time fathers (N = 48) of infants aged under 12-months, currently residing in the United Kingdom.Measurements and Findings: Questionnaires consisted of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Data were analysed through inferential statistics.Key Conclusions: Masculine norms of self-reliance and primacy of work were positively related to depres-sion symptomology in both father groups. Perceived social support was negatively related to depression symptomology. Further analyses revealed significant effects regarding partner health status and depres-sion symptomology. No significant differences were found between presentation of first-and second-time fathers.Implications for Practice: Main findings support partners as a part of the family unit. Findings have im-plications for midwives in that an increased understanding of these factors in early fatherhood could improve family outcomes.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )