Introduction to grid-scale battery energy storage system concepts and fire hazards

As the world continues to enact progressive climate change targets, renewable energy solutions are needed to achieve these goals. One such solution is large-scale lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage systems which are at the forefront in ensuring that solar- and wind-generated power is delivered when the grids need it most. However, the perceived hazards of LIBs due to recent events in the United States and Australia pose a risk to their future success. When a battery energy storage system (BESS) has a multilayered approach to safety, the thermal runaway, fire, and explosion hazards can be mitigated. Successful implementation of this approach requires cooperation, collaboration, and education across all stakeholder groups to break down these preconceived notions. Much can be learned from the recent BESS fire and explosion events to inform safer design and operation. These events and their contributing factors share many commonalities with historic losses in the hydrocarbon industry. Fire and process safety engineers who have traditionally worked in the hydrocarbon industry can be of immense value to the BESS industry.