Evaluation of 3D Printed Burr Hole Simulation Models Using 8 Different Materials

OBJECTIVE: 3D printing is increasingly used to fabricate three-dimensional neurosurgical simulation models, mak-ing training more accessible and economical. 3D printing includes various technologies with different capabilities for reproducing human anatomy. This study evaluated different materials across a broad range of 3D printing technologies to identify the combination that most pre-cisely represents the parietal region of the skull for burr hole simulation.METHODS: Eight different materials (polyethylene tere-phthalate glycol, Tough PLA, FibreTuff, White Resin, BoneSTN, SkullSTN, polymide [PA12], glass-filled polyamide [PA12-GF]) across 4 different 3D printing processes (fused filament fabrication, stereolithography, material jetting, selective laser sintering) were produced as skull samples that fit into a larger head model derived from computed tomography imaging. Five neurosurgeons conducted burr holes on each sample while blinded to the details of manufacturing method and cost. Qualities of mechanical drilling, visual appearance, skull exterior, and skull interior (i.e., diploe) and overall opinion were documented, and a final ranking activity was performed along with a semi -structured interview. RESULTS: The study found that 3D printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (using fused filament fabrication) and White Resin (using stereolithography) were the best models to replicate the skull, surpassing advanced multi -material samples from a Stratasys J750 Digital Anatomy Printer. The interior (e.g., infill) and exterior structures strongly influenced the overall ranking of samples. All neurosurgeons agreed that practical simulation with 3D printed models can play a vital role in neurosurgical training.CONCLUSIONS: The study findings reveal that widely accessible desktop 3D printers and materials can play a valuable role in neurosurgical training.