Robust PACm: Training Ensemble Models Under Misspecification and Outliers

Standard Bayesian learning is known to have suboptimal generalization capabilities under misspecification and in the presence of outliers. Probably approximately correct (PAC)-Bayes theory demonstrates that the free energy criterion minimized by Bayesian learning is a bound on the generalization error for Gibbs predictors (i.e., for single models drawn at random from the posterior) under the assumption of sampling distributions uncontaminated by outliers. This viewpoint provides a justification for the limitations of Bayesian learning when the model is misspecified, requiring ensembling, and when data are affected by outliers. In recent work, PAC-Bayes bounds-referred to as PACm-were derived to introduce free energy metrics that account for the performance of ensemble predictors, obtaining enhanced performance under misspecification. This work presents a novel robust free energy criterion that combines the generalized logarithm score function with PACm ensemble bounds. The proposed free energy training criterion produces predictive distributions that are able to concurrently counteract the detrimental effects of misspecification-with respect to both likelihood and prior distribution-and outliers.