Thermal management system in electric vehicle batteries for environmental sustainability

Due to the extreme sensitivity of temperature in Li-ion batteries, thermal management is a significant issue that must be addressed. Since the battery in electric vehicles produces an enormous amount of heat, it reduces its efficiency and its performance. Currently, there is a need for electric vehicles (EVs) because conventional IC engines produce an enormous amount of pollution which affects the environment, so an electric vehicle produces a very small amount of pollution. It is now being recommended and used by many people. But the electric vehicle faces some major problems due to overheating in their battery module. Nowadays, battery temperature is regulated by a system called battery thermal management system (BTMS). Modern EVs use active and passive cooling systems. Thermal management tries to improve battery architecture for greater autonomy or quick charging. To meet future difficulties in thermal management, such as air or liquid cooling, are needed. As a result of the battery's overheating, the vehicle's performance, power, energy storage, charging, and discharging are all negatively impacted; hence, a reliable thermal management system for the battery is essential for resolving these problems. This study provides an overview of the BTMS of the future, beginning with the problems involving temperature and safety. The following is a list of the benefits and drawbacks of BTMSs, which are used to maintain acceptable temperatures for battery packs. In conclusion, an analysis of the progress made in developing temperature management systems for future batteries is presented. As a first look at potential BTMSs for locomotive applications, it has been proposed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and classification of both existing and potential battery management systems.