Electrochemical imaging for cell analysis in microphysiological systems

Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are cell culture systems used for the construction of organs and tissues in vitro using mammalian cells. In MPSs, the cellular microenvironment is fine-tuned to induce specific functions that resemble in vivo activity. Several sensing systems essential for the analysis of cellular functions and drug metabolism have been incorporated into MPSs. Recently, electrochemical sensors have become popular due to their simplicity and sensitivity. In general, a single working electrode is incorporated into an MPS for bulk analysis and single-point detection. Conversely, electro-chemical imaging of an MPS can be conducted through scanning electrochemical probe microscopy and using elec-trode arrays and electrochemiluminescence techniques for comprehensive cell analysis, local-area monitoring, and high -throughput assays. This review summarizes and offers an insightful perspective into the recent advances in electro-chemical imaging of MPSs.