Simultaneous Evaluation of Bone Cut and Implant Placement Accuracy in Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of bone cuts and implant placements, simultaneously, for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed using a system with an active robotic arm. Methods: Two experienced orthopaedic surgeons performed TKA on ten cadaveric legs. Computed tomography scans were performed to compare the bone cuts and implant placements with the preoperative planning. The differences between the planned and actual bone cuts and implant placements were assessed using positional and angular errors in the three anatomical planes. Additionally, the cut-implant deviations were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed to detect systematic errors in the bone cuts and implant placements and to quantify the correlations between these errors. Results: The root-mean-square (RMS) errors of the bone cuts (with respect to the planning) were between 0.7-1.5 mm and 0.6-1.7 degrees. The RMS implant placement errors (with respect to the planning) varied between 0.6-1.6 mm and 0.4-1.5 degrees, except for the femur and tibia in the sagittal plane (2.9 degrees). Systematic errors in the bone cuts and implant placements were observed, respectively, in three and two degrees of freedom. For cut-implant deviations, the RMS values ranged between 0.3-2.0 mm and 0.6-1.9 degrees. The bone cut and implant placement errors were significantly correlated in eight degrees-of-freedom (rho >= 0.67, p < 0.05). Conclusions: With most of the errors below 2 mm or 2 degrees, this study supported the value of active robotic TKA in achieving accurate bone cuts and implant placements. The findings also highlighted the need for both accurate bone cuts and proper implantation technique to achieve accurate implant placements.