Analysis and characterization of electrochemical properties of Na2O-TiO2-V2O5-P2O5 glass-ceramic nanocomposites as electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors

A glass sample of the Na2O-TiO2-V2O5-P2O5 system was produced utilizing the melt-quenching method. Depending on the as-produced glass, the glass-ceramic nanocomposites (G-CNCs) were effectively fabricated using the heat treatment technique (HT), which was carried out at different times of (2, 4, 8, and 24 h) at a fixed temperature of 420 degrees C. The differential scanning calorimeter technique was used to determine the thermal properties of glasses, such as the glass transition temperature T-g, beginning crystallization temperature T-c, peak crystallization temperature T-p, and thermal stability parameters, including thermal stability (triangle T), Hruby coefficient (H), and parameter K-SP. The formation of nanostructures in the glassy matrix was confirmed using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The effect of the HT process at different annealing times on the nanostructure and electrochemical behavior of the G-CNC electrodes were investigated. The crystallite size was found to be in the range between 29.17 and 46.64 nm. SEM images exhibited no regular particles, but these particles varied with a variation in annealing time. The supercapacitors (SCs) fabricated using G-CNC electrodes exhibited high electrochemical performance compared to the glassy electrode. Moreover, the fabricated SC that was heated for 10 h, had the smallest crystallite size. It demonstrated high capacitance (382.08 F g(-1) at 2 A g(-1)) and great energy density (53.07 Wh kg(-1) at 1000 W kg(-1)) with better cycling stability. After 1000 cycles, the capacitance detention was found to be 96%. Additionally, the G-CNC electrode annealed for 10 h also showed a low electrode resistance as well as low charge transfer resistance. So, the presence of nanoparticles in the G-CNCs provided an appropriate strategy for optimizing energy storage in high-performance SCs.