Emerging Landscape of Nanobodies and Their Neutralizing Applications against SARS-CoV-2 Virus

The new severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantlyaltered people's way of life. Despite widespread knowledgeof vaccination, mask use, and avoidance of close contact, COVID-19is still spreading around the world. Numerous research teams are examiningthe SARS-CoV-2 infection process to discover strategies to identify,prevent, and treat COVID-19 to limit the spread of this chronic coronavirusillness and restore lives to normalcy. Nanobodies have advantagesover polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Ab) and Ab fragments, includingreduced size, high stability, simplicity in manufacture, compatibilitywith genetic engineering methods, and lack of solubility and aggregationissues. Recent studies have shown that nanobodies that target theSARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain and disrupt ACE2 interactions arehelpful in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected animalmodels, despite the lack of evidence in human patients. The creationand evaluation of nanobodies, as well as their diagnostic and therapeuticapplications against COVID-19, are discussed in this paper.