Reference ranges for third-trimester maternal cardiovascular function parameters measured in normotensive pregnant women using a non-invasive cardiac output monitor: A study based on data from the prospective PEACH cohort study

Objective: We defined reference ranges for maternal cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume measured in the third trimester of pregnancy using the Ultrasound Cardiac Output Monitor 1A.Design: Based on data from the prospective PEACH (PreEclampsia, Angiogenesis, Cardiac dysfunction and Hypertension) cohort study.Setting: Rigshospitalet and Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark.Sample: Normotensive pregnant women aged 18-45 years with singleton pregnancies, enrolled in the PEACH study in 2016-2018.Methods: We modelled cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume as a function of gestational age using multilevel linear models with fractional polynomials.Main Outcome MeasuresUnconditional and conditional reference ranges for cardiovascular parameters measured in gestational weeks 28-40.Results: Our study cohort included 405 healthy pregnant women who contributed 1210 cardiovascular function measurements for analysis. Maximum cardiac output and stroke volume values were measured in gestational weeks 30-32 and decreased over the third trimester, whereas systemic vascular resistance increased during the same period. We created reference ranges for eight combinations of maternal height, age and parity. We also created a simple calculator to allow for implementation of the reference ranges in clinical practice.Conclusions: Our reference ranges allow the use of a bedside ultrasound device to non-invasively assess cardiac function in pregnancy and identify women at risk of complications. The unconditional ranges allow clinicians to evaluate isolated measurements and identify women needing follow-up. The conditional ranges incorporate information from previous measurements and improve monitoring over time.