LEACH-based hierarchical energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) not only have a constantly increasing range of applications but also stimulate the amazing growth of 5G mobile communications and the Internet of Things (IoT). Yet, the lifetime of WSNs is restricted due to the severe energy limitations of their components. For this reason, the achievement of energy sustainability in WSNs is extremely important. Given that the greatest part of energy consumption in a WSN takes place during data routing, numerous research works are carried out in order to develop protocols for energy efficient routing. This article aims to clarify the most popular subdivision of this category of protocols i.e. the so-called hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols. Specifically, LEACH, which is considered to be the pioneer protocol of this kind, is studied along with 18 of its descendant protocols. A theoretical comparison of these protocols in terms of various metrics is also performed. Additionally, the performance of LEACH is compared with that of 3 descendant protocols through simulation tests that are carried out. Finally, a discussion takes place and concluding remarks are drawn.