tree species classifications;
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV);
LiDAR;
point cloud;
intensity frequency;
AIRBORNE LIDAR;
INDIVIDUAL TREES;
NORMALIZATION;
PARAMETERS;
FEATURES;
HEIGHT;
SENSOR;
STAND;
D O I:
10.3390/rs15010110
中图分类号:
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号:
08 ;
0830 ;
摘要:
The accurate classification of tree species is essential for the sustainable management of forest resources and the effective monitoring of biodiversity. However, a literature review shows that most of the previous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based studies on fine tree species classification have used only limited intensity features, accurately identifying relatively few tree species. To address this gap, this study proposes developing a new intensity feature-intensity frequency-for the LiDAR-based fine classification of eight tree species. Intensity frequency is defined as the number of times a certain intensity value appears in the individual tree crown (ITC) point cloud. In this study, we use UAV laser scanning to obtain LiDAR data from urban forests. Intensity frequency features are constructed based on the extracted intensity information, and a random forest (RF) model is used to classify eight subtropical forest tree species in southeast China. Based on four-point cloud density sampling schemes of 100%, 80%, 50% and 30%, densities of 230 points/m(2), 184 points/m(2), 115 points/m(2) and 69 points/m(2) are obtained. These are used to analyze the effect of intensity frequency on tree species classification accuracy under four different point cloud densities. The results are shown as follows. (1) Intensity frequencies of trees are not significantly different for intraspecies (p > 0.05) values and are significantly different for interspecies (p < 0.01) values. (2) The intensity frequency features of LiDAR can be used to classify different tree species with an overall accuracy (OA) of 86.7%. Acer Buergerianum achieves a user accuracy (UA) of over 95% and a producer accuracy (PA) of over 90% for four density conditions. (3) The OA varies slightly under different point cloud densities, but the sum of correct classification trees (SCI) and PA decreases rapidly as the point cloud density decreases, while UA is less affected by density with some stability. (4) The priori feature selected by mean rank (MR) covers the top 10 posterior features selected by RF. These results show that the new intensity frequency feature proposed in this study can be used as a comprehensive and effective intensity feature for the fine classification of tree species.
机构:
San Francisco State Univ, Geog & Environm, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USASan Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA
Blesius, Leonhard
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Hines, Ellen
Kruse, Bill
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kruse Imaging, 3230 Ross Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USASan Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Cavender-Bares, Jeannine
Schneider, Fabian D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Schneider, Fabian D.
Santos, Maria Joao
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, SwitzerlandUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Santos, Maria Joao
Armstrong, Amanda
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Armstrong, Amanda
Carnaval, Ana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CUNY, Grad Ctr, Dept Biol, PhD Program Biol, New York, NY USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Carnaval, Ana
Dahlin, Kyla M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog Environm & Spatial Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Dahlin, Kyla M.
Fatoyinbo, Lola
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Fatoyinbo, Lola
Hurtt, George C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Hurtt, George C.
Schimel, David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Schimel, David
Townsend, Philip A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Townsend, Philip A.
Ustin, Susan L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA
Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Ustin, Susan L.
Wang, Zhihui
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Guangdong Acad Sci, Guangzhou Inst Geog, Key Lab Guangdong Utilizat Remote Sensing & Geog, Guangdong Open Lab Geospatial Informat Technol &, Guangzhou, Peoples R ChinaUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Wang, Zhihui
Wilson, Adam M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Buffalo, Dept Geog, Buffalo, NY USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
机构:
Fdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, ItalyFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Dalponte, Michele
Orka, Hans Ole
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Orka, Hans Ole
Ene, Liviu Theodor
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Ene, Liviu Theodor
Gobakken, Terje
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Gobakken, Terje
Naesset, Erik
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
机构:
Fdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Univ Trento, Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci, I-38123 Povo, Trento, ItalyFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Dalponte, Michele
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Bruzzone, Lorenzo
Gianelle, Damiano
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, ItalyFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
机构:
San Francisco State Univ, Geog & Environm, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USASan Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA
Blesius, Leonhard
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Hines, Ellen
Kruse, Bill
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Kruse Imaging, 3230 Ross Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USASan Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr Environm Studies, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA
机构:
Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Cavender-Bares, Jeannine
Schneider, Fabian D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Schneider, Fabian D.
Santos, Maria Joao
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, SwitzerlandUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Santos, Maria Joao
Armstrong, Amanda
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Armstrong, Amanda
Carnaval, Ana
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CUNY, Grad Ctr, Dept Biol, PhD Program Biol, New York, NY USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Carnaval, Ana
Dahlin, Kyla M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Michigan State Univ, Dept Geog Environm & Spatial Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Dahlin, Kyla M.
Fatoyinbo, Lola
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Fatoyinbo, Lola
Hurtt, George C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Maryland, Dept Geog Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Hurtt, George C.
Schimel, David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Schimel, David
Townsend, Philip A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol, Madison, WI USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Townsend, Philip A.
Ustin, Susan L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA
Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Ustin, Susan L.
Wang, Zhihui
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Guangdong Acad Sci, Guangzhou Inst Geog, Key Lab Guangdong Utilizat Remote Sensing & Geog, Guangdong Open Lab Geospatial Informat Technol &, Guangzhou, Peoples R ChinaUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
Wang, Zhihui
Wilson, Adam M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Buffalo, Dept Geog, Buffalo, NY USAUniv Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
机构:
Fdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, ItalyFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Dalponte, Michele
Orka, Hans Ole
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Orka, Hans Ole
Ene, Liviu Theodor
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Ene, Liviu Theodor
Gobakken, Terje
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Gobakken, Terje
Naesset, Erik
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Ecol & Nat Resource Management, NO-1432 As, NorwayFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Dept Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
机构:
Fdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Univ Trento, Dept Informat Engn & Comp Sci, I-38123 Povo, Trento, ItalyFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy
Dalponte, Michele
论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:
Bruzzone, Lorenzo
Gianelle, Damiano
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Fdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, ItalyFdn E Mach, Res & Innovat Ctr, Sustainable Agroecosyst & Bioresources Dept, I-38010 San Michele All Adige, TN, Italy