On the path to mobility as a service: a MaaS-checklist for assessing existing MaaS-like schemes

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) scientific literature base is rapidly growing, but an agreement on what it intrinsically means has not been reached, making fruitful conversations related to MaaS difficult. This study analyzes a five-year-old literature based on MaaS (90 peer-reviewed journal articles) and extracts from it, the key or common elements in all MaaS definitions, calling them the 'MaaS-checklist': a) app-related functions or features, b) mobility services, and c) mobility packages. Based upon the MaaS-checklist, we then analyze 21 MaaS-like schemes around the world. Our results show that even though there are many schemes claiming to be MaaS, few of them cover the main elements that intrinsically define MaaS. Our findings show that while most schemes cover app-related functions or features, few of them offer mobility packages, which yields that the path to MaaS may not be hindered by technology development but rather by governance issues on MaaS.