Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in clinically healthy pigs: implications for antibiotic resistance spread in livestock

Aim: This study aimed to compare and characterize the resistance profile and the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) related genes in Escherichia coli isolated from healthy finishing pigs fed with or without antibiotics in their diets. Methods and results: A total of 27 ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates were obtained from 96 healthy pigs. The antibiotic resistance profile was tested, and all 27 isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). A high proportion of isolates were resistant to cephalosporins, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracyclines. The ESBL production was observed in 85% of isolates by double-disc synergy test. The MDR-E. coli isolates harbored ESBL genes, such as bla(TEM), bla(CTX-M-1), bla(CTX-M-2), and bla(CTX-M-8,25.) In addition, other antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) were also detected, such as sul2, ant(3 '')-I, tetA, and mcr-1. The mobilization of the bla(CTX-M) gene was confirmed for nine E. coli isolates by conjugation assays. The presence of bla(CTX-M) on mobile genetic elements in these isolates was demonstrated by Southern blot hybridization, and the resistance to cephalosporins was confirmed in the transconjugants. Our results indicate the prevalence of CTX-M-producing E. coli strains harboring mobile genetic elements in the normal microbiota of healthy pigs. Conclusions: These findings highlight the significance of ESBL genes as a global health concern in livestock and the potential spread of antimicrobial resistance to other members of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota.