Swimming pool disinfection byproducts: Analytical characterization of precursors, formation and occurrence, health risks, and future needs

Public health requires disinfection of swimming pool water for prevention of waterborne disease; however, this inevitably results in the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Complex organic matter and disinfectants at high concentrations in pools result in DBP concentrations 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in pool water than in drinking water. To date, more than 110 DBPs have been identified in pool water, but the majority of DBPs in swimming pools have not yet been identified. Swimmers can be exposed to DBPs through inhalation, dermal absorption, and casual ingestion, potentially leading to health issues such as asthma and skin and eye irritation. However, regulations for DBPs in pool water are limited worldwide. This article presents the current studies of DBP precursors, formation, occurrence, health risks, and regulations for swimming pools. We highlight the need for analytical development and toxicological studies of DBPs in swimming pools to fill knowledge gaps and improve pool sanitation and public health protection.