In situ characterization techniques and methodologies for high-temperature electrochemistry

High-temperature electrochemistry (HTE) plays an important role in basic industries, including metallurgy and energy and future frontier technologies such as deep space exploration and carbon neutralization. At present, traditional research methods based on ex situ, macroscale characterization, and theory analogy with room -temperature electrochemistry cannot meet the demands of researchers. In situ characterization techniques can monitor real-time information, which can establish a full spatiotemporal, multidimensional, cross scale methodology with the support of theoretical calculations, numerical simulations, and so on. It is hence of urgency to summarize and outlook the in situ characterization techniques and analytical methods of HTE. This review focuses on the in situ characterization techniques in HTE and points to a future direction in order to construct a methodology for HTE research. We therefore call on more researchers to enter the field of HTE in order to drive HTE engineering to realize low-carbon, high efficiency, refinement, and intelligence.