Workforce Vulnerability Due to Automation and the Importance of Lifelong Learning in the V4 Countries

Cluster analyses and time series analyses were performed on data relating to the numbers of workers from nine occupational groups within the international standard classification of occupations ISCO-08. Cluster analyses helped to identify mutual similarities or differences that related to the overall structure of employment within nineteen EU countries. After this division into clusters, time series analyses were conducted in order to identify changes in work groups that are most and least threatened by automation. The main added value of the article compared to other publications of this type is the detailed tracking of changes in the investigated factors over time, since the term Industry 4.0 was introduced into the terminology dictionary.