Sclareol ameliorates liver injury by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B/NOD-like receptor protein 3-mediated inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder in diabetic mice

Objectives: Sclareol (SCL) is a natural diterpene with anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the hepatoprotective effects of SCL in diabetic mice. Methods: SCL (10 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically to C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes daily for 5 weeks to evaluate its beneficial effects in liver injury. Body and liver weight and blood glucose levels were measured. Liver histopathology, fibrosis, and lipid accumulation were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Oil Red O staining, respectively. Serum hepatic enzyme and lipid levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Hepatocellular apoptosis was measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. Oxidative stress markers and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using appropriate assay kits. The effects of sclareol on inflammation and lipid metabolism was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemical analysis, and Western blot assays. Results: SCL significantly decreased serum liver enzymes and lipids levels, and alleviated adipogenesis and fibrosis. Moreover, the protein levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and sterol response element-binding protein 1 were downregulated, whereas the expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 was upregulated. SCL increased the antioxidant activity, and decreased ROS levels. SCL alleviated hepatic mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, SCL inhibited Kupffer cell infiltration and reduced serum inflammatory cytokine levels. SCL significantly downregulated the protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) P65, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase 1, and interleukin-1 beta. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that SCL improves diabetes-induced liver injury by alleviating the NF-kappa B/NLRP3-mediated inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder.