Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds and their role in gut microbiota-white adipose tissue axis

Several factors can impact the gut microbiota, affecting host metabolism and immunity. It implies intestinal barrier disruption and translocation of gut microbiota metabolites to the bloodstream, such as lipopolysaccha-rides (LPS). LPS is an endotoxin from gram-negative gut bacteria that trigger the activation of the Toll-like re-ceptor-4 (TLR-4) inflammatory pathway and can modulate white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism. Dietary components, including diets rich in fiber and polyphenols, contribute to intestinal environment homeostasis. Grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) may improve intestinal permeability and microbial diversity and increase short-chain fatty acids production. Furthermore, GSPE has been involved in LPS reduction, down -regulating the TLR-4 pathway, decreasing the WAT metainflammatory profile, and preventing adipocyte hy-pertrophy. Studies have pointed out strategies to promote health and control obesity by modulating the gut microbiota environment. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the potential effects of GSPE on the gut microbiota-white adipose tissue axis against obesity.